Virology

ViroReal® Kit Influenza A/B

Influenza is an acute infectious disease caused by influenza virus A, B or, to a much lesser extent, influenza virus C. Influenza viruses are enveloped viruses with single-stranded, segmented RNA with negative polarity as genome. These viruses can be found worldwide. Epidemics and pandemics are mainly caused by influenza virus A, due to antigenic drift of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase molecules. Type B and C influenza viruses are isolated almost exclusively from humans, while influenza A viruses infect a wide variety of warm-blooded animals.

ViroReal® Kit Metapneumovirus

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is an enveloped negative single-stranded RNA virus (ss (-)RNA) of the family Paramyxoviridae. It was isolated for the first time in 2001. HMPV is present as two genetic lineages, hMPV A and hMPV B. Human metapneumovirus causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections, symptoms very similar to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Human metapneumovirus has a worldwide distribution and it is one of the most common causes of lower respiratory infection in young children. Reinfections appear to be common. Co-infection of human metapneumovirus with influenza virus or RSV can occur.

ViroReal® Kit Parainfluenzavirus

Human parainfluenzaviruses (HPIV) are enveloped, negative single-stranded RNA viruses (ss(-)RNA) of the family Paramyxoviridae. At present four serotypes are known (types 1, 2, 3, 4). Parainfluenzavirus type 1 and 3 belong to the genus Respirovirus, while parainfluenzavirus type 2 and 4 belong to the genus Rubulavirus. Human parainfluenzavirus type 1 (HPIV-1) is the major cause of acute croup, but can also cause respiratory tract infections at all ages. Human parainfluenzavirus type 2 (HPIV-2) can also cause croup as well as upper and lower respiratory tract illnesses. Human parainfluenzavirus type 3 (HPIV-3) causes bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Human parainfluenzavirus type 4 with the subtypes 4a and 4b is less likely to cause servere disease.

ViroReal® Kit Rhinovirus (A, B, C)

Human rhinovirus (HRV) is a single-stranded positive sense RNA virus (ss(+)RNA) in the genus Enterovirus of the family Picornaviridae. Rhinoviruses are the most common viral infective agents in humans and are the predominant cause of the common cold. RV infections are chiefly limited to the upper respiratory tract. Although infections occur year-round, the incidence is highest during fall and spring. Most cases are mild and self-limited. Rhinovirus C, unlike the A and B species, may be able to cause sometimes more severe infections.

ViroReal® Kit RSV (A & B)

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus (ss (-)RNA) of the family Paramyxoviridae. RSV consists of two antigenic subtypes, A and B. It causes respiratory tract infections and is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections and hospital visits during infancy and childhood. In addition, RSV is recognized as an important cause of respiratory illness in older adults. Infection is most common during the winter and early spring e.g. in the rainy season.

ViroReal® Kit SARS-CoV2 & SARS

Coronaviruses are positive single-stranded RNA viruses of the family Coronaviridae. Several different strains of coronaviruses are currently known to infect humans (HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, NcoV and HCoV-EMC). Strains HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, MERS-CoV and HCoV-HKU1 cause cold, upper respiratory infection, bronchiolitis and pneumonia in humans. SARS-CoV, a beta coronavirus, causes the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). SARS-CoV-2 is a beta coronavirus that emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The virus is responsible for the disease COVID-19 (corona virus disease 2019). Fever, cough and breathing difficulties are described as the most frequent initial symptoms, later on it can lead to pneumonia. The coronavirus spreads mainly by droplet and contact transmission. In most of the cases a mild course of infection can be observed, while more severe courses are observed in about 15%-20% of the cases, with a mortality rate of up to 3%.

ViroReal® Kit SARS-CoV2 Multiplex

Coronaviruses are positive single-stranded RNA viruses of the family Coronaviridae. Several different strains of coronaviruses are currently known to infect humans (HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, NCoV and HCoV-EMC). Strains HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, MERS-CoV and HCoV-HKU1 cause cold, upper respiratory infection, bronchiolitis and pneumonia in humans. SARS-CoV, a beta coronavirus, causes the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).

ViroReal® Kit SARS Coronavirus & Influenza A/B

Coronaviruses are positive single-stranded RNA viruses of the family Coronaviridae. Several different strains of coronaviruses are currently known to infect humans (HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, NCoV and HCoV-EMC). Strains HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, MERS-CoV and HCoV-HKU1 cause cold, upper respiratory infection, bronchiolitis and pneumonia in humans. SARS-CoV, a beta coronavirus, causes the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). SARS-CoV-2 is a beta coronavirus that emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The virus is responsible for the disease COVID-19 (corona virus disease 2019). Fever, cough and breathing difficulties are described as the most frequent initial symptoms, later on it can lead to pneumonia. The coronavirus spreads mainly by droplet and contact transmission. Influenza is an acute infectious disease caused by influenza virus A, B or, to a much lesser extent, influenza virus C. Influenza viruses are enveloped viruses with single-stranded, segmented RNA with negative polarity as genome. These viruses can be found worldwide. Epidemics and pandemics are mainly caused by influenza virus A, due to antigenic drift of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase molecules. Type B and C influenza viruses are isolated almost exclusively from humans, while influenza A viruses infect a wide variety of warm-blooded animals.

BK Virus

The BK virus rarely causes disease but is typically associated with patients who have had a kidney transplant, many people who are infected with this virus are asymptomatic. If symptoms do appear, they tend to be mild: respiratory infection or fever. These are known as primary BK infections.

Human cytomegalovirus CMV

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the leading cause of congenital viral infection and mental retardation. HCMV infection, while causing asymptomatic infections in most immunocompetent subjects, can be transmitted during pregnancy from the mother with primary (and also recurrent) infection. It is important to monitor the levels of CMV viremia for newborns and transplant recipients.

EBV

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), is one of the most common human viruses in the world. It spreads primarily through saliva. EBV can cause infectious mononucleosis, also called mono, and other illnesses. Most people will get infected with EBV in their lifetime and will not have any symptoms. Mono caused by EBV is most common among teens and adults…

Hepatitis B (HBV)

Hepatitis B is a liver disease caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). The management of HBV‐infected individuals undergoing antiviral therapy in conjunction with clinical presentation and other laboratory markers. But in order to validate the treatment of hepatitis B and overcomes of the most significant weakness of the standard serological test with respect to clinical perspective is that they provide no reliable measurement of viral replication or viremia (two indices that should be related) in the HBV infected patient.

Hepatitis C (HCV)

Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV). HCV infection is generally asymptomatic during the acute phase and about 85% of them become chronically infected.

Parvovirus B19

he Parvovirus virus usually causes fifth disease, a benign disease that is most common in childhood, and is usually accompanied by characteristic red cheeks. Saliva and nasal mucus are the common vectors of disease. However, if the sufferer is pregnant there is a risk of the child being infected through the placenta and can lead to miscarriages. Additionally, immunocompromised, thalassaemic or sickle celled individuals may develop anaemia after infection. The virus may also cause polyarthropathy syndrome (swollen joints) which may be chronic. Blood or amniotic fluid tests in conjunction with our Real Time PCR kits can be used to accurately, and quickly discriminate the viral DNA.

Monkeypox

Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a zoonotic virus species of the subset genus Orthopoxvirus (OPX), from the Poxviridae family. It can be transmitted between species via animal bites and inter-species transfer of bodily fluids. Transmission between humans can occur through contact with infected lesions, inhalation of respiratory droplets, and indirect contact with contaminated items.

• Easy to use One step Real-Time PCR Technology
• Compatible with most commonly used RT-PCR machines
• Results in around 40 min
• Specificity of up to 100% and Sensitive down to 10 copies per reaction

Mumps Virus (MuV)

Mumps is caused by the mumps virus (muV), a highly neurotropic virus characterised by painful inflammatory symptoms, such as parotitis and orchitis. Mumps is a supposedly benign disease, of which only two thirds of infections arise with recognised clinical symptoms such as low-grade fever, anorexia, malaise and headache. Long term, however, this virus can cause such as seizures, cranial nerve palsies, hydrocephalus, and deafness.

• Easy to use One step Real-Time PCR Technology
• Compatible with most commonly used RT-PCR machines
• Specificity of up to 100% and Sensitive down to 10 copies per reaction

Ebola Virus (Zaire and Sudan)

Ebola virus (EBOV) causes the severe and potentially lethal disease Ebola virus disease (EVD), which has a high case-fatality rate and is usually characterised by fever, gastrointestinal signs and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Human-to-human transmission of EBOV occurs via direct contact with an infected person or those who die from EVD, the virus entering the body through broken skin or mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth.

• Easy to use One step Real-Time PCR Technology
• Compatible with most commonly used RT-PCR machines
• Specificity of up to 100% and Sensitive down to 10 copies per reaction

Hepatitis E (HEV)

Human Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) is a single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome. It is the only member of the genus Hepevirus in the family Hepeviridae. Infection can lead to acute and chronic hepatitis as well as to extrahepatic manifestations such as neurological and renal disease; it is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. The virus is shed in the stools of infected persons, and enters the human body through the intestine. It is transmitted mainly through contaminated drinking water. Usually, the infection is self-limiting and resolves within 2–6 weeks although in immunocompromised patients, a serious disease known as fulminant hepatitis (acute liver failure) can develop and is associated with high mortality.

• Easy to use One step Real-Time PCR Technology
• Compatible with most commonly used RT-PCR machines
• Specificity of up to 100% and Sensitive down to 10 copies per reaction

Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), also known as human herpesvirus, is a ubiquitous human alphaherpesvirus with no animal reservoir; its main targets are T lymphocytes, epithelial cells and ganglia1. After primary VZV infection, which causes varicella (chicken pox, a common childhood illness associated with fever and a generalised pruritic rash), VZV establishes latency in cells of the dorsal root ganglia. As cellular immunity to VZV wanes with advancing age or in immunocompromised individuals, VZV reactivates to cause herpes zoster (shingles), which is a localised, painful vesicular rash involving one or adjacent dermatomes4.

• Easy to use One step Real-Time PCR Technology
• Compatible with most commonly used RT-PCR machines
• Specificity of up to 100% and Sensitive down to 10 copies per reaction

Dengue Virue (DENV)

Dengue is an illness caused by infection with any one of four related dengue virus (DENV) serotypes (DENV‐ 1, ‐2, ‐3 and ‐ 4). It is a single positive-stranded RNA virus that is transmitted to and between humans by infected Aedes mosquitos, mainly Aedes aegypti. DENV infections can be subclinical or cause illnesses ranging from a mild, flu-like syndrome with rash (dengue fever [DF]) to a severe and sometimes fatal disease, characterized by capillary leakage, thrombocytopenia, and sometimes hypovolemic shock (DHF). In addition, neurological symptoms associated with dengue have also been reported.

• Easy to use One step Real-Time PCR Technology
• Compatible with most commonly used RT-PCR machines
• Specificity of up to 100% and Sensitive down to 10 copies per reaction

Measles Virus (MeV)

Measles remains one of the most important causes of child morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is an acute viral, infectious disease, caused by the measles virus, that is spread by coughing, sneezing, close personal contact or direct contact with infected nasal or throat secretions. Common complications include diarrhoea, middle ear infections and pneumonia although, less commonly, the virus can also cause seizures, blindness or inflammation of the brain. The virus remains active and contagious in the air or on infected surfaces for up to 2 hours, and measles outbreaks can result in epidemics that cause many deaths, especially among young, malnourished children.

• Easy to use One step Real-Time PCR Technology
• Compatible with most commonly used RT-PCR machines
• Specificity of up to 100% and Sensitive down to 10 copies per reaction

Hepatitis A (HAV)

Hepatitis A is a self-limited disease (caused by infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV)), which causes a significant amount of morbidity and socio-economic losses in many parts of the world. Spread of infection is generally person to person or by oral intake after faecal contamination of skin or mucous membranes; less commonly, there is faecal contamination of food or water. In young children the disease is often asymptomatic, whereas in older children and adults there may be a range of clinical manifestations from mild, anicteric infection to fulminant hepatic failure. Acute HAV infection is clinically indistinguishable from other causes of acute viral hepatitis, which therefore illuminates the importance of a rapid diagnosis.

• Easy to use One step Real-Time PCR Technology
• Compatible with most commonly used RT-PCR machines
• Specificity of up to 100% and Sensitive down to 10 copies per reaction

Herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8)

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the underlying cause of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) and other proliferative diseases such as multicentric Castleman’s disease and a rare form of B-cell lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma. The possible routes of transmission include, most commonly, saliva, sexual contact and bloody and transplant-related transmission. Thus, early diagnosis is essential as Kaposi Sarcoma is more likely to improve if treated earlier.

• Easy to use One step Real-Time PCR Technology
• Compatible with most commonly used RT-PCR machines
• Specificity of up to 100% and Sensitive down to 10 copies per reaction

H1N1

wine flu is a viral infection caused by a zoonotic Influenza A virus strain similar to that found in pigs. In 2009 a strain of swine flu called H1N1 infected many people globally. The virus is contagious and can be spread between humans.
The A/H1N1pdm09 virus is now one of the seasonal flu viruses that circulate each winter. The symptoms are the same as other types of common flu. They’re usually mild and pass within 1 to 2 weeks. When people cough and sneeze, they spray tiny droplets of the virus into the air and if one comes into contact with these drops, they can catch the virus. People can spread it one day before they have any symptoms and as many as seven days after they are sick. The disease can also be transferred by eating bacon, ham or any other infected pork product. As with all types of flu, some people are at higher risk of serious illness, particularly those with underlying health problems.